1. Surfactants: These are the primary active ingredients in detergents. Surfactants have both hydrophobic (water-repelling) and hydrophilic (water-attracting) portions, allowing them to bind to both water and greasy or oily substances. This helps to lift and suspend dirt and stains in water, allowing them to be easily rinsed away.
2. Builders: These are additives that enhance the cleaning efficiency of detergents by softening water, preventing the formation of mineral deposits, and improving the performance of surfactants. Common builders include phosphates, zeolites, and citrates.
3. Enzymes: Some detergents contain enzymes that break down specific types of stains, such as proteins, starches, or fats. Enzymes can enhance the overall cleaning power of the detergent.
4. Fragrances: To impart a pleasant scent to cleaned items or surfaces, detergents often contain fragrances. These fragrances can be synthetic or derived from natural sources.
5. Stabilizers and Preservatives: These are included to ensure the stability and shelf life of the detergent product.
6. Colorants: Detergents may contain dyes or colorants for aesthetic purposes, but many are formulated as colorless liquids or powders.
7. Chelating Agents: These compounds are added to detergents to bind with metal ions in hard water, preventing them from interfering with the cleaning process.
8. Optical Brighteners: These are chemicals that absorb ultraviolet light and re-emit it as visible blue light, making fabrics appear brighter and whites appear whiter.

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